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<title>Jung Chang</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jung Chang</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jung Chang</div><br><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Chang in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname">張戎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1952-03-25</span>) </span>25 March 1952<br><a href="Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>, Sichuan, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British</a> and <a href="Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1986–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Biography</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Jon Halliday</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1290876196">

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</style></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jungchang.net">www<wbr>.jungchang<wbr>.net</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Jung Chang</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (<a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">張戎</span>; <a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">张戎</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhāng Róng</span></i>; <a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><b>Chang Jung</b></span></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa">[tʂɑ́ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɻʊ̌ŋ]</span>; born 25 March 1952) is a Chinese-born British author. She is best known for her family autobiography <i><a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans</a></i>, selling over 10 million copies worldwide but <a href="Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">banned</a> in the <a href="China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her 832-page biography of <a href="Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <i><a href="Mao%3A_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story">Mao: The Unknown Story</a></i>, written with her husband, the Irish historian <a href="Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Jon Halliday</a>, was published in June 2005.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_China">Life in China</h2></div>

<p>Chang was born on 25 March 1952 in <a href="Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>, <a href="Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> as the second daughter and child of five children. Her parents were both <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> officials, and her father was greatly interested in literature. As a child she quickly developed a love of reading and writing, which included composing poetry.

</p><p>As Party <a href="Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">cadres</a>, life was relatively good for her family at first; her parents worked hard, and her father became successful as a propagandist at a regional level. His formal ranking was as a "level 10 official", meaning that he was one of 20,000 or so most important cadres, or <i>ganbu</i>, in the country. The Communist Party provided her family with a dwelling in a guarded, walled compound, a maid and chauffeur, as well as a wet-nurse and nanny for Chang and her four siblings.

</p><p>Chang writes that she was originally named <b>Er-hong</b> (<a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">二鴻</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Second Swan'), which sounds like the Chinese word for "faded red". As communists were "deep red", she asked her father to rename her when she was 12 years old, specifying she wanted "a name with a military ring to it." He suggested "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%8E" class="extiw external" title="wikt:戎">Jung</a>", which means "martial affairs."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Revolution">Cultural Revolution</h3></div>

<p>Like many of her peers, Chang chose to become a <a href="Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guard</a> at the age of 14, during the early years of the <a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. In <i><a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans</a></i> she said she was "keen to do so", "thrilled by my red armband".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her memoirs, Chang states that she refused to participate in the attacks on her teachers and other Chinese, and she left after a short period as she found the Red Guards too violent.

</p><p>The failures of the <a href="Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> had led her parents to oppose Mao Zedong's policies. They were targeted during the Cultural Revolution, as most high-ranking officials were. When Chang's father criticized Mao by name, Chang writes in <i>Wild Swans</i> that this exposed them to retaliation from Mao's supporters. Her parents were publicly humiliated – ink was poured over their heads, they were forced to wear placards denouncing them around their necks, kneel in gravel and to stand outside in the rain – followed by imprisonment, her father's treatment leading to lasting physical and <a href="Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>. Their careers were destroyed, and her family was forced to leave their home.

</p><p>Before her parents' denunciation and imprisonment, Chang had unquestioningly supported Mao and criticized herself for any momentary doubts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But by the time of his death, her respect for Mao, she writes, had been destroyed. Chang wrote that when she heard he had died, she had to bury her head in the shoulder of another student to pretend she was grieving. She explained her change on the stance of Mao with the following comments:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Chinese seemed to be mourning Mao in a heartfelt fashion. But I wondered how many of their tears were genuine. People had practiced acting to such a degree that they confused it with their true feelings. Weeping for Mao was perhaps just another programmed act in their programmed lives.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Chang's depiction of the Chinese people as having been "programmed" by Maoism would ring forth in her subsequent writings.

</p><p>According to <i>Wild Swans</i> (chapters 23 to 28), Chang's life during the Cultural Revolution and the years immediately after the <a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> was one of both a victim and one of the privileged. Chang attended Sichuan University in 1973 and became one of the so-called "Students of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers". Her father's government-sponsored official funeral was held in 1975. Chang was able to leave China and study in the UK on a Chinese government scholarship in 1978, a year before the post-Mao Reforms began.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studying_English">Studying English</h3></div>

<p>The closing down of the university system led Chang, like most of her generation, away from the political maelstroms of the academy. Instead, she spent several years as a peasant, a <a href="Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">barefoot doctor</a> (a part-time peasant doctor), a steelworker and an electrician, though she received no formal training because of Mao's policy, which did not require formal instruction as a prerequisite for such work.

</p><p>The universities were eventually re-opened and she gained a place at <a href="Sichuan_University" title="Sichuan University">Sichuan University</a> to study English, later becoming an assistant lecturer there. After Mao's death, she passed an exam which allowed her to study in the West, and her application to leave China was approved once her father was <a href="Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">politically rehabilitated</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_Britain">Life in Britain</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_background">Academic background</h3></div>

<p>Chang left China in 1978 to study in Britain on a government scholarship, staying first in London. She later moved to <a href="Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, studying <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> at the <a href="University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> with a scholarship from the university itself, living in <a href="Derwent_College%2C_York" title="Derwent College, York">Derwent College, York</a>. She received her PhD in linguistics from York in 1982, becoming the first person from the People's Republic of China to be awarded a PhD from a British university.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, she and <a href="Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Jon Halliday</a> published <i>Mme Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ching-ling)</i>, a biography of <a href="Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Sun Yat-Sen's widow</a>.

</p><p>She has also been awarded honorary doctorates from <a href="University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>, <a href="University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, <a href="University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>, <a href="University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>, the <a href="Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, <a href="University_of_West_London" title="University of West London">University of West London</a>, and <a href="Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> (USA).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She lectured for some time at the <a href="SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> in London, before leaving in the 1990s to concentrate on her writing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_experiences">New experiences</h3></div>

<p>In 2003, Jung Chang wrote a new foreword to <i><a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans</a></i>, describing her early life in Britain and explaining why she wrote the book. Having lived in China during the 1960s and 1970s, she found Britain exciting and loved the country, especially its diverse range of culture, literature and arts. She found even colorful window-boxes worth writing home about – <a href="Hyde_Park%2C_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> and the <a href="Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a> were inspiring. She took every opportunity to watch <a href="William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare's</a> plays in both London and York. In an interview with <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, Chang stated: "I feel perhaps my heart is still in China".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chang lives in west London with her husband, the Irish historian <a href="Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Jon Halliday</a>, who specializes in history of Asia. She was able to visit mainland China to see her family, with permission from the Chinese authorities, despite the fact that all her books are banned.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity">Celebrity</h3></div>

<p>The publication of Jung Chang's second book <i>Wild Swans</i> made her a celebrity. Chang's unique style, using a personal description of the life of three generations of Chinese women to highlight the many changes that the country went through, proved to be highly successful. Large numbers of sales were generated, and the book's popularity led to its being sold around the world and translated into 37 languages.

</p><p>Chang became a popular figure for talks about Communist China; and she has travelled across Britain, Europe, America, and many other places in the world. She returned to the University of York on 14 June 2005, to address the university's debating union and spoke to an audience of over 300, most of whom were students.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> invited her onto the panel of <i><a href="Question_Time_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Time (TV series)">Question Time</a></i> for a first-ever broadcast from Shanghai on 10 March 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she was unable to attend when she broke her leg a few days beforehand.

</p><p>Chang was appointed <a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in the <a href="2024_New_Year_Honours" title="2024 New Year Honours">2024 New Year Honours</a> for services to literature and history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_Swans"><i>Wild Swans</i></h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans</a></div>

<p>The international best-seller is a biography of three generations of Chinese women in 20th century China – her grandmother, mother, and herself. Chang paints a vivid portrait of the political and military turmoil of China in this period, from the marriage of her grandmother to a <a href="Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>, to her mother's experience of Japanese-occupied <a href="Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a> during the <a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and her own experience of the effects of Mao's policies of the 1950s and 1960s.

</p><p><i>Wild Swans</i> was translated into 37 languages and sold 13 million copies,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving praise from authors such as <a href="J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>. It is banned in mainland China, though many <a href="Piracy" title="Piracy">pirated</a> versions circulated, as do translations in Hong Kong and <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mao:_The_Unknown_Story"><i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mao%3A_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story">Mao: The Unknown Story</a></div>

<p>Chang's 2005 work, a biography of Mao, was co-authored with her husband <a href="Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Jon Halliday</a> and portrays Mao in an extremely negative light. The couple traveled all over the world to research the book, which took 12 years to write.<sup id="cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They interviewed hundreds of people who had known Mao, including <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, and <a href="Tenzin_Gyatso%2C_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, the <a href="Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kissinger called it "grotesque in that it depicts Mao as a man without any qualities."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he described it in his book <i><a href="On_China" title="On China">On China</a></i> as "one-sided but often thought-provoking."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Among their criticisms of Mao, Chang and Halliday argue that despite his having been born into a relatively rich peasant family, he had little well-informed concern for the long-term welfare of the Chinese peasantry. They hold Mao responsible for <a href="Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">the famine</a> resulting from the <a href="Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and state that he had created the famine by exporting food when China had insufficient grain to feed its own people. They also write that Mao had arranged for the arrests and murders of many of his political opponents, including some of his personal friends, and they argue that he was a far more tyrannical leader than had previously been thought.

</p><p><i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i> became a best-seller, with UK sales alone reaching 60,000 in six months.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianDecemeber_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianDecemeber-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics and commentators wrote reviews ranging from praise<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="Richard_Baum" title="Richard Baum">Richard Baum</a> said that it had to be "taken very seriously as the most thoroughly researched and richly documented piece of synthetic scholarship" on Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> reported that while few commentators disputed it, "some of the world's most eminent scholars of modern Chinese history" had referred to the book as "a gross distortion of the records."<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Historian Rebecca Karl summarized its negative reception, writing, "According to many reviewers of [<i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i>], the story told therein is unknown because Chang and Halliday substantially fabricated it or exaggerated it into existence."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empress_Dowager_Cixi"><i>Empress Dowager Cixi</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Empress_Dowager_Cixi%3A_The_Concubine_Who_Launched_Modern_China" title="Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China">Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China</a></div>

<p>In October 2013, Chang published a biography of <a href="Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>, who led China from 1861 until her death in 1908. Chang argues that Cixi has been "deemed either tyrannical and vicious, or hopelessly incompetent—or both," and that this view is both simplistic and inaccurate. Chang portrays her as intelligent, open-minded, and a proto-feminist limited by a xenophobic and deeply conservative imperial bureaucracy. Although Cixi is often accused of reactionary conservatism (especially for her treatment of the <a href="Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> during and after the <a href="Hundred_Days'_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a>), Chang argues that Cixi actually started the Reforms and "brought medieval China into the modern age."<sup id="cite_ref-Schell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspaper reviews have also been positive in their assessment. <a href="Te-Ping_Chen" title="Te-Ping Chen">Te-Ping Chen</a>, writing in <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, found the book "packed with details that bring to life its central character."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> writes: "Filled with new revelations, it’s a gripping and surprising story of an extraordinary woman in power. Using Chinese sources, totally untapped by western books, this reappraises one of the great monstresses of modern history… Jung Chang’s revisionism means that this book reveals a new and different woman: ambitious, sometimes murderous, but pragmatic and unique. All of this adds up to make Empress Dowager Cixi a powerful read."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> named it one of its '<a href="Notable_Books_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Books of the Year">Notable Books of the Year</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The book received critical treatment in the academic world. The Qing dynasty specialist <a href="Pamela_Kyle_Crossley" title="Pamela Kyle Crossley">Pamela Kyle Crossley</a> wrote a skeptical review in the <i><a href="London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>. "Chang has made impressive use of the rapidly expanding range of published material from the imperial archives. But understanding these sources requires profound study of the context. [...] Her claims regarding Cixi’s importance seem to be minted from her own musings, and have little to do with what we know was actually going in China. I am as eager as anyone to see more attention paid to women of historical significance. But rewriting Cixi as <a href="Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> or <a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> is a poor bargain: the gain of an illusory icon at the expense of historical sense."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_works">List of works</h3></div>

<ul><li>Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, <i>Madame Sun Yat-sen: Soong Ching-ling</i> (London, 1986); Penguin, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-008455-X</bdi></li>

<li>Jung Chang, <i><a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</a></i> (London, 1992); 2004 Harper Perennial ed. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-00-717615-5</bdi></li>

<li>Jung Chang, <a href="Lynn_Pan" title="Lynn Pan">Lynn Pan</a> and Henry Zhao (edited by Jessie Lim and Li Yan), <i>Another province: new Chinese writing from London</i> (London, 1994); Lambeth Chinese Community Association, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9522973-0-2</bdi>.</li>

<li>Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, <i><a href="Mao%3A_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story">Mao: The Unknown Story</a></i> (London, 2005); Jonathan Cape, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-679-42271-4</bdi></li>

<li>Jung Chang, <i><a href="Empress_Dowager_Cixi%3A_The_Concubine_Who_Launched_Modern_China" title="Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China">Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China</a></i> (Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0224087436</bdi></li>

<li>Jung Chang, <i>Big Sister, Little Sister, Red Sister</i> (Jonathan Cape, 2019) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1910702789</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/31/turning-page-asian-mystique.html">"Turning the page on the Asian mystique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624220527/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/31/turning-page-asian-mystique.html">Archived</a> 24 June 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i>, 31 March 2010</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lpjpc">"Jung Chang"</a>. <a href="Woman's_Hour" title="Woman's Hour"><i>Woman's Hour</i></a>. 18 December 2013. <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jung-chang-cbe-buckingham-palace-b2516633.html">"Wild Swans author Jung Chang awarded CBE for services to literature"</a>. 21 March 2024. <i>Independent</i>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung Chang, <i><a href="Wild_Swans" title="Wild Swans">Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</a></i> (London, 2004), p. 378.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung Chang, <i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i> (London, 2004), p. 270.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wild Swans</i>, p. 633.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jungchang.net/biography">"Biography"</a>. <i>Jung Chang</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Record crowd for Jung Chang, <i>The Union</i> – The York Union (25 June 2005)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abu.org.my/public/dsp_page.cfm?articleid=1129&urlsectionid=1136&specialsection=ART_FULL&pageid=247&PSID=3629">"BBC's Question Time heads to China"</a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union</i>. 17 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette64269" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/64269/supplement/N9">"No. 64269"</a>. <i><a href="The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 December 2023. p. N9.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jungchang.net/wild-swans">"Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China"</a>. <i>Jung Chang 張戎/张戎</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-DIDiscs_JC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIDiscs_JC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/7ee7b477#b0088vmz">"Desert Island Discs with Jung Chang"</a>. <a href="Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs"><i>Desert Island Discs</i></a>. 16 November 2007. <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">Radio 4</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger interview, <i><a href="Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>, 27 December 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, "On China", p. 158</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GuardianDecemeber-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianDecemeber_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (4 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1657292,00.html">"Storm rages over bestselling book on monster Mao"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London: Guardian Unlimited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Walsh-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Walsh2005" class="citation web cs1">John Walsh (10 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051101035902/http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=553">"Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday"</a>. <i>Asian Review of Books</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=553">the original</a> on 1 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pomfret2005" class="citation news cs1">John Pomfret (11 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/08/AR2005120801641.html">"Chairman Monster"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Beach2005" class="citation web cs1">Sophie Beach (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406133636/http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/09/cdt_bookshelf_r.php">"CDT Bookshelf: Richard Baum recommends "Mao: The Unknown Story""</a>. <i>China Digital Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/09/cdt_bookshelf_r.php">the original</a> on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-SMH-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMH_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/a-swans-little-book-of-ire/2005/10/07/1128563003642.html">"A swan's little book of ire"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <i>Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history</i>. Durham [NC]: <a href="Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. ix. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">503828045</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schell-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schell_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/books/review/jung-changs-empress-dowager-cixi.html">Schell, Orville. "Her Dynasty." <i>New York Times.</i> 25 October 2013.</a> Accessed 25 October 2013.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/10/03/jung-chang-rewrites-an-empress/">Chen, Te-Ping."Jung Chang Rewrites Empress Cixi." <i>Wall Street Journal.</i> 3 October 2013.</a> Accessed 3 November 2013.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Sebag Montefiore , BBC History Magazine</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, 2013</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossley, Pamela, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n08/pamela-crossley/in-the-hornets-nest/">In the hornet's nest</a>", <i>London Review of Books</i>· 17 April 2014</span>

</li>

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